Sources & Corrections
Where the evidence comes from.
Every factual claim in this publication is traceable to a primary source. This page lists those sources by category and records all corrections to published content.
Corrections policy
CACoyote publishes corrections when a factual error is identified. Each correction names the page and section where the error appeared, describes what was incorrect, states the correction, and records the date. Character opinions, editorial positions, and fictional scenario details are not subject to the corrections policy — only factual claims about real events, studies, laws, and statistics.
Corrections log
- What was incorrect
- Two simulated responses cited a specific CDFW incident count ('fewer than a dozen serious incidents per year statewide') without an inline source. Two articles labeled 'Reporting' had source_status 'Character Scenario', creating a label contradiction.
- Correction
- The specific count was replaced with a pointer to CDFW's current 'Keep Me Wild: Coyote' guidance. The two article labels were corrected to 'Character Scenario' to match their source_status fields.
Sources registry
Agency guidance
California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW). 'Keep Me Wild: Coyote.' Current edition. Sacramento: CDFW.
Claim supported: Hazing guidance; attractant management; incident characterization; pup season behavior
California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW). 'Living with California Coyotes.' Current edition. Sacramento: CDFW.
Claim supported: Pup season timing and behavioral changes; general coexistence guidance
Peer-reviewed research
Gehrt, S.D., Riley, S.P.D., & Cypher, B.L. (Eds.) (2010). Urban Carnivores: Ecology, Conflict, and Conservation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Claim supported: Urban coyote ecology; stress hormones in urban populations; territory compression
Gehrt, S.D., Anchor, C., & White, L.A. (2011). 'Home Range and Landscape Use of Coyotes in a Metropolitan Landscape: Conflict or Coexistence?' Journal of Mammalogy 92(6): 1045–1057.
Claim supported: Home range overlap with human infrastructure; GPS collar data; urban coyote movement patterns
Burdett, C.L., Crooks, K.R., Theobald, D.M., Wilson, K.R., Boydston, E.E., Lyren, L.M., Fisher, R.N., Vickers, T.W., Morrison, S.A., & Boyce, W.M. (2010). 'Interfacing models of wildlife habitat and human development to predict the future distribution of puma habitat.' Ecosphere 1(1): art4.
Claim supported: Wildlife corridor fragmentation; habitat modeling adjacent to development
Crooks, K.R. & Soulé, M.E. (1999). 'Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system.' Nature 400: 563–566.
Claim supported: Mesopredator release following apex predator removal; avifaunal extinction cascades
Treves, A., Krofel, M., & McManus, J. (2016). 'Predator control should not be a shot in the dark.' Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 14(7): 380–388.
Claim supported: Evidence review of lethal predator control outcomes; evidence standards for wildlife management decisions
Bekoff, M. & Wells, M.C. (1986). 'Social ecology and behavior of coyotes.' Advances in the Study of Behavior 16: 251–338.
Claim supported: Pup season timing; coyote social structure; family group behavior
Timm, R.M., Baker, R.O., Bennett, J.R., & Coolahan, C.C. (2004). 'Coyote Attacks: An Increasing Suburban Problem.' Proceedings of the 21st Vertebrate Pest Conference. Davis: University of California.
Claim supported: Hazing effectiveness; coyote attack patterns; food conditioning as conflict driver
Kauffman, C.M. & Martin, P.L. (2017). 'Can Rights of Nature Make Development More Sustainable? Why Some Ecuadorian Lawsuits Succeed and Others Fail.' World Development 92: 130–142.
Claim supported: Effectiveness and limitations of Ecuador rights-of-nature framework in practice
Research program
Urban Coyote Research Project. Cook County, Illinois. Stanley D. Gehrt, principal investigator. Ohio State University.
Claim supported: Long-term urban coyote ecology; home range data; human-coyote conflict patterns in metropolitan areas
Conservation organization
National Wildlife Federation. '101 Freeway Wildlife Crossing.' Ongoing project documentation. Washington, D.C.: NWF.
Claim supported: 101 freeway corridor as documented wildlife movement barrier; ongoing crossing project
Project Coyote. Coexistence resources and hazing guidance. Larkspur, CA.
Claim supported: Hazing guidance; coexistence best practices; community education resources
Legal instrument
New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office. Te Awa Tupua (Whanganui River Claims Settlement) Act 2017. Enacted 20 March 2017.
Claim supported: Whanganui River granted legal personhood; rights-of-nature legal precedent
Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador 2008. Chapter 7 (Rights of Nature), Articles 71–74. English translation: Political Database of the Americas, Georgetown University.
Claim supported: Ecuador constitutional rights of nature; Articles 71–74 text and scope
Colorado River Ecosystem v. State of Colorado, No. 1:17-cv-02316 (D. Colo., filed 25 September 2017, voluntarily dismissed 6 November 2017). PACER case record.
Claim supported: Colorado River rights-of-nature lawsuit; case filing and dismissal status
Uttarakhand High Court. Mohd. Salim v. State of Uttarakhand & Others, Writ Petition (PIL) No. 126 of 2014, judgment 20 March 2017. Stayed: Supreme Court of India, State of Uttarakhand v. Mohd. Salim & Ors., Civil Appeal No. 5765 of 2017, order 7 July 2017.
Claim supported: Ganges and Yamuna rivers granted legal personhood by Uttarakhand High Court; subsequently stayed by Supreme Court of India